According to the father of Artificial Intelligence(AI), John McCarthy, it is "The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs". Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the same manner as the intelligent humans do. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.
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Artificial Intelligence(AI) is about algorithms enabled by constraints exposed by representation that support models targeted at thinking,perception and action. where an Algorithm is unambiguous specification of how to solve a particular problem. A model is a representation of entities and relationship between them. For example a computer model, can be a simulation used to reproduce behavior of a system, which in turn can be used to make predictions.
.jpg "What is AI?")
At best, Artificial intelligence(AI) is a broad discipline aimed at creating intelligent machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence that is demonstrated by humans and animals. AI is the theory and development of computer system able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making and translation between source and target languages. AI is the creation of a computer program that can learn to think and function on its own, kind of like robots that don't need to be told what to do all the time. In the modern age, AI is the enabler technology.
Contents
1. what is AI?
2. Definition of AI
3. Levels and Types of AI
4. What an AI used for?
5. History of AI
Definition of Artificial Intelligence(AI)
The term artificial means synthetic(i.e., man-made) and generally has negative connotation representing an inferior version of the original. But artificial objects, however. Consider, for example, an artificial objects are often superior to real or natural objects, however, consider, for example, an artificial flower, an object made of silk and wire and arranged to resemble a bud or blossom. This artificial has advantage of not requiring sunshine or water for its sustenance but provides practical decoration for home or business. Its feel fragrance are arguably inferior to those of a natural flower though an artificial flower can look very much like real thing.
Artificial Intelligence is not natural like artificial light, flowers and transportation but man-made. Intelligence is the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, to think critically, to remember important information and to cope with the demands of daily living. If you are asked to provide the next number in a given sequence, in: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ? your response will be 28 based on identifying salient features in patterns. We can detect patterns by learning from experience.
Levels and Types of AI
In this post we will focus on categorizing AI technology by level and type. Three levels of AI are identified based on capability and four types of AI are identified based on functionality. Examples of existing systems are also presented both in the levels and types of AI.
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The different types of AI depends on the level of intelligence embedded into a machine. we can generally categorize AI into three levels
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence(Weak AI or Narrow AI): Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence. Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or Limitation as it is trained only for one specific task. Hence, it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits. Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, as it is uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
2.Artificial General Intelligence(General AI or Strong AI): General AI is type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like humans. In this category of AI a machine can truly understand what is happening. There may even be emotions and creativity. The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (Super AI): Super AI is a level of Intelligence of systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than humans with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI. Some key characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its owen. super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such system in reality is still world changing task.
Types of AI
Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of main categorization which are based on Capabilities and based on functionality of AI.
1. Reactive Machines: purely reactive machines are the most basic types of artificial Intelligence. such AI system do not store memories are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. Such AI system do not store memories or past experience for future actions, These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action, IBM's Deep Blue system in an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory: Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. self-driving cars are one of the best examples of limed memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby car, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. This type of machines is still not developed, but researchers are exerting lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines. sophia- the humanoid robot is one example of such effort where a number of young Ethiopians have contributed on the development.
4. Self-AWareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. These machines will be smarter than human mind.
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
What an AI used for?
Some Technologies that Use AI are:
1. Machine Learning:- A subset of AI that often uses statistical techniques to give machines the ability to "learn" from data without being explicitly given the instructions for how to do so. The process is known as "training" a "model" using a learning "Algorithm" that progressively improves model performance on specific task.
2. Robotics:- Robotics deals with the design, constraction, operation, and use of robots, as well computer system for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
These technology are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.
3.Machine Automations:- Machine automation is any Information Technology(IT) that is designed to control the work of machines.
4.Virtual Reality:- virtual Reality is the computer-generated simulation of a three dimensional image or environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or glove fitted with sensors.
5.Augmented Reality:-Augmented Reality refers to a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image with sound, text and effects on a user's view of the real world, thus enhancing the user's real world experience.
6.Cloud Computing :- Cloud computing is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer, Cloud Computing involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. These service are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as a service(IaasS), platform-as-a service(PaaS) and software as a service(Saas).
7. Neural Networks- A neural network is a type of machine learning which models itself after the human brain. This creates an artificial neural network that via an algorithm allows the computer to learn by incorporating new data.
8. Big Data/ Internet of Things(IoT) - Big Data refers to extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and association especially relating to human behavior and interaction. Internet of Things (IOT) refers to the set of devices and systems that interconnect real-world sensors and actuators to the Internet.
9.Computer Vision: Enabling machines to analyze, understand and manipulate image and video.
History of AI
It all started with Augusta Ada Lovelace(1842), the world's first programmer who wrote programs about 100 years before computers which run them put in place in her words,"The analytical engine has no pretensions to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to preform." Infact, nothing much happened until about 1950 when Alan Turing wrote his famous paper, which introduced the turing test. The modern era of AI really began with the publication of Marvin Minsky's paper, "steps Toward Artificial Intelligence (1960) ."
1956 The Term "artificial intelligence" is coined by John McCarty at a Dartmouth conferences and AI is founded as an academic discipline.
1956-1974 The golden years of AI, enjoy government funding in promising, logic-based problem-solving approaches.
1974-1980 Overy high expectations coupled with the limited capacities of AI programs leads to the first "AI winter" with reduced funding and interest in AI research.
1980-1987 The rise of knowledge-based expert systems brings new successes and change in the focus of research and funding toward this form of AI.
1987-1993 The second "AI winter" start with the sudden collapse of the specialized hardware industry in 1987. The AI hype bring with it negative perceptions by governments and investors, as expert systems show their limitations and prove expensive to update and maintain.
1993-2011 Optimism about AI returns and increases. New successes are marked with the help of increased computational power and AI becomes data-driven. In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue beats world champion at the TV quiz Jeopardy.
2012- Today
Increased availability of data, connectedness and computational power allow for breakthrough in machine learning, mainly in neural network and deep learning, heralding a new era of increase funding and optimism about the AI potential In 2012, Google driverless car navigate autonomously and in 2016 Google AlphaGo beats a world champion in the complicated board game Go.
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Interesting post
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